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BD140 by Onsemi is in a TO-126 package Pinout: Base (B): Input signal Collector (C): Output or load connection Emitter (E): Ground or negative supply connection View more information here: https://www.avaq.com/chip/bd140 Or https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/149/BD140-888626.pdf

The TOP250YN is a high-efficiency, integrated power switch designed for use in isolated and non-isolated power supply designs. It is part of the TOPSwitch family of controllers, which are known for their performance, ease of use, and reliability. This device can operate in various modes like flyback, forward, or buck converters, which makes it adaptable to a wide range of power supply applications. The TOP250YN is especially well-suited for building power supplies with output voltages ranging from 5V to 15V, which are commonly used in low-power electronics. In this project, we’ll be designing a 12V output power supply, ideal for powering devices that require a stable, regulated 12V DC input. Materials and Components Required Before diving into the step-by-step guide, let's first look at the list of components you'll need to build the 12V power supply using the TOP250YN. 1. TOP250YN Integrated Circuit – The heart of the power supply, responsible for controlling the switch-mode operation. 2. Transformer – A high-frequency transformer suitable for use with the flyback topology to step down the voltage to a safe level. 3. Input Capacitor (e.g., 100µF, 400V) – To smooth out the AC input signal. 4. Output Capacitor (e.g., 470µF, 25V) – To filter the output and stabilize the DC voltage. 5. Diode (e.g., 1N4007) – Used for rectifying the AC signal from the transformer. 6. Inductor (e.g., 100µH) – To filter high-frequency switching noise and smooth the output. 7. Resistors – Used for feedback control and regulating the output voltage. 8. Feedback Capacitor – To stabilize the feedback loop and improve performance. 9. Heat Sink – To prevent the TOP250YN from overheating during operation. 10. Bridge Rectifier – If using an AC input, the bridge rectifier is necessary to convert AC to DC. 11. Input Fuse – A fuse for safety to protect the power supply from overcurrent. 12. PCB (Printed Circuit Board) – A custom or pre-designed PCB to mount the components securely. 13. Miscellaneous – Connectors, wires, soldering supplies, and enclosures. Design Overview In this project, we'll build a flyback power supply based on the TOP250YN. The flyback topology is popular in many SMPS designs because of its simplicity, efficiency, and ability to provide galvanic isolation between the input and output. The power supply will have an input voltage range from 90V to 265V AC and output 12V DC with a maximum output power of around 10W. This is suitable for low-power applications such as powering sensors, microcontrollers, or small audio amplifiers. Step-by-Step Build Step 1: Preparing the Transformer The first step in the design process is to choose a suitable transformer. For a flyback design using the TOP250YN, you’ll need a transformer with a primary winding rated for the input voltage range (90-265V AC) and a secondary winding to output the desired 12V DC. The transformer should also have the appropriate turns ratio, typically in the range of 1:8 or 1:10, depending on the desired output current and voltage. The secondary side will step down the AC voltage, which will then be rectified and filtered to produce a smooth DC output. Mount the transformer securely on the PCB or in an appropriate casing, ensuring that the primary winding is connected to the AC input and the secondary winding will provide the low-voltage output. Step 2: Installing the TOP250YN IC The TOP250YN is the heart of the power supply, controlling the switch-mode operation of the flyback transformer. To install the TOP250YN, place it in the designated IC footprint on the PCB. The IC has an integrated high-voltage MOSFET and feedback circuitry that simplifies the design of the power supply. Connect the following pins of the TOP250YN to the appropriate components: ● Pin 1 (Drain): Connect this to the primary side of the transformer and the high-voltage input. ● Pin 2 (Source): Connect this to the ground (common) reference for the circuit. ● Pin 3 (Feedback): This is the feedback input that will connect to a resistor network, which provides feedback from the output to regulate the voltage. ● Pin 4 (VDD): Connect this to the output of the auxiliary power winding of the transformer (usually 12V or lower) to supply the IC. ● Pin 5 (GND): Ground reference for the IC. ● Pin 6 (GND/Secondary): Connect this to the secondary side of the transformer. Step 3: Setting Up the Rectification Circuit Once the AC input is stepped down by the transformer, the next step is to rectify it into DC. To do this, you will need a diode, such as the 1N4007, placed between the secondary winding of the transformer and the output capacitor. This diode will allow current to flow in one direction only, converting the AC signal into DC. The output capacitor will smooth the rectified signal, removing the ripple and providing a stable DC voltage. For this project, a 470µF capacitor with a voltage rating of at least 25V will suffice for the output stage. Step 4: Feedback Circuit for Regulation The TOP250YN uses a feedback mechanism to regulate the output voltage. You will need a resistor divider network connected to the feedback pin of the IC. The resistors in this network set the output voltage by monitoring the voltage at the output and feeding this information back to the IC. A small capacitor (e.g., 100nF) should be placed in parallel with the resistor network to stabilize the feedback loop and improve the performance of the power supply. Step 5: Adding Protection Components For the safety and longevity of your power supply, it is crucial to add protective components: 1. Input Fuse: Place a fuse in the AC input line to protect the circuit in case of a short circuit or overcurrent situation. Choose a fuse rated slightly above the maximum current draw of the power supply. 2. Heat Sink: Attach a heat sink to the TOP250YN to dissipate any heat generated during operation. Ensure that the heat sink is securely mounted and provides adequate thermal dissipation. 3. Overcurrent Protection: Consider adding an overcurrent protection circuit, such as a current sensing resistor, to prevent the power supply from delivering excessive current to the load. Step 6: Testing the Power Supply Before you connect the power supply to any critical load, perform the following tests: 1. Verify the Input Voltage: Measure the AC input to ensure it is within the recommended range (90V-265V AC). 2. Check the Output Voltage: With the power supply connected, measure the DC output voltage. It should be stable at around 12V, with minimal ripple. 3. Load Testing: Connect a small resistive load (e.g., a 12V LED strip or a suitable electronic device) to the output and monitor the output voltage under load. Ensure the voltage remains stable and the power supply does not overheat. Step 7: Enclosure and Final Assembly Once you’re confident that the power supply is working correctly, it’s time to mount it in a protective enclosure. A metal case is recommended for proper heat dissipation and safety. Ensure that the enclosure provides sufficient ventilation for the transformer and the IC. Secure the PCB inside the enclosure, making sure all connections are insulated and that there is no risk of short circuits. Finally, install the AC input connector and output terminals, ensuring that all connections are secure and that the power supply is safe to operate. Conclusion Building a high-efficiency power supply using the TOP250YN is an excellent project for those looking to explore switch-mode power supplies. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you will learn how to design and build a reliable and energy-efficient 12V DC power supply suitable for a wide range of low-power electronics. The TOP250YN’s integrated design simplifies the process, while still allowing for the flexibility to experiment and customize the power supply to your specific needs. This project not only introduces you to the basics of SMPS design but also gives you a practical, functional piece of equipment that can be used in various electronic applications. Whether you’re powering microcontrollers, sensors, or small motors, this power supply will serve as a valuable addition to your DIY electronics toolkit.

The LMR23630APDRRR is a compact, high-performance synchronous step-down DC-DC converter designed to efficiently convert a wide range of input voltages to a stable, regulated output. With its advanced features and robust design, this component can handle an input range from 4.5V to 36V and deliver up to 3A of continuous output current. This makes it ideal for use in applications requiring reliable and efficient power conversion, including automotive, industrial, and telecommunications systems. Key Features: · Wide Input Voltage Range: Operates from 4.5V to 36V, suitable for various power sources. · High Output Current: Supports up to 3A continuous output, providing power for a range of applications. · Integrated Synchronous Rectification: Enhances efficiency, reducing heat and energy loss. · Current Mode Control: Ensures stable operation, even under varying loads. · Low Quiescent Current: At just 75 µA in PFM mode, it is efficient for battery-powered systems. · Soft-Start Capability: Allows smooth startup into pre-biased loads without overshoot. · Thermal Protection: Ensures safe operation by preventing overheating. · Switching Frequency: Operates at a default 400 kHz, with options for frequency synchronization to an external clock between 200 kHz and 2.2 MHz. · Precision Enable Input: Facilitates system power sequencing. Applications: The LMR23630APDRRR is versatile and can be used across a range of applications: · Automotive Systems: Ideal for automotive battery regulation, supporting stable operation in varying conditions. · Industrial Power Supplies: Efficient power conversion for devices operating in industrial environments. · Telecom and Datacom Systems: Maintains steady power for communication equipment. · General Purpose Wide VIN Regulation: Suitable for any device requiring efficient voltage step-down from unregulated sources. Compatible Electronic Component Series To ensure optimal performance, the LMR23630APDRRR can be paired with the following series of electronic components: 1. Murata GRM Series Capacitors · Category: Ceramic Capacitors · Parameters: Low ESR, 10µF, 50V rating · Application Scenario: Used for input/output filtering, these capacitors help smoothen voltage and maintain stability during operation. · Recommended Models: GRM31CR61H106KA12L 2. Vishay IHLP Series Inductors · Category: Inductors · Parameters: 8.2 µH, rated for 4A current, low DCR · Application Scenario: Suitable for maintaining smooth current flow, ensuring efficient energy transfer. · Recommended Models: IHLP-2525CZ-01 3. Texas Instruments TPS Series Voltage Regulators · Category: Low Dropout Voltage Regulators (LDOs) · Parameters: Input voltage up to 36V, output current 1A · Application Scenario: Complementary regulation for low-noise power applications. · Recommended Models: TPS7A4700RGWR 4. Panasonic ECQ Series Film Capacitors · Category: Film Capacitors · Parameters: 0.1 µF, 63V, low ESL · Application Scenario: Used for bypassing high-frequency noise, particularly in automotive and industrial applications. · Recommended Models: ECQ-E4103JF 5. ON Semiconductor MBRS Series Schottky Diodes · Category: Schottky Diodes · Parameters: 3A forward current, 40V reverse voltage · Application Scenario: Provides efficient rectification in power supplies, protecting against backflow of current. · Recommended Models: MBRS340T3G

Introduction Microchip's PIC32 Series microcontrollers stand at the forefront of advanced microcontroller solutions, offering a blend of high performance, extensive features, and flexibility. Ideal for designers looking for robust and efficient control options, this series caters to a wide range of applications. Series Overview The PIC32 Series from Microchip showcases a collection of high-performance microcontrollers designed to meet the rigorous demands of both industrial and consumer applications. Featuring MIPS-based architecture, the series is known for its high-speed processing capabilities and enhanced execution of complex algorithms. Common Features and Benefits • High Performance: Equipped with MIPS32 microAptiv or M4K cores, the PIC32 series offers exceptional computational speed and efficiency, which is vital for real-time applications. • Integrated Peripherals: These microcontrollers include a variety of built-in peripherals, such as USB, analog-to-digital converters, Ethernet, and CAN, which facilitate extensive interface connectivity. • Robust Security Features: With advanced security features including cryptographic engine, random number generator, and secure boot, the PIC32 series ensures safe and secure operations. • Low Power Consumption: Designed for energy efficiency, these microcontrollers provide various power-saving modes, making them ideal for battery-operated devices. Applications • Industrial Automation: Controllers in industrial machines and process automation. • Consumer Electronics: High-performance computing tasks within multimedia devices. • Automotive: Embedded controllers for automotive subsystems. • Internet of Things (IoT): Provides the processing power necessary for IoT devices requiring fast connectivity and high data throughput. FAQs 1. What are the key differences between PIC32MX and PIC32MZ series? • The PIC32MZ series generally offers higher processing power and more memory options, making it suitable for more complex applications compared to the PIC32MX series. 2. Can PIC32 microcontrollers be used in safety-critical applications? • Yes, the robust security features and reliable performance of the PIC32 series make them suitable for use in safety-critical applications across various industries. 3. How do the integrated peripherals enhance device performance? • The integrated peripherals reduce the need for external components, simplify board layout, improve system reliability, and help in reducing overall system cost.

I finished copying the files to my 2.5" external HDD. I ejected the HDD in Windows 10 but the enclosure case LED was on and then I went to pull the USB 3.0 cable but when the cable came out of the PC port my hand hit the side of the HDD case and the case moved slightly to the right of the table. Did this event cause damage to the HDD?

Difference Between 1N4148, 1N4007, and 1N5819 Diodes When it comes to selecting the right diode for your electronic circuit, understanding the differences between commonly used diodes is essential. In this article, we will compare three popular diodes: the 1N4148, 1N4007, and 1N5819. Each of these diodes has unique characteristics that make them suitable for different applications. 1. Introduction to the Diodes 1N4148: This is a high-speed switching diode designed for applications requiring fast switching speeds and low capacitance. It is commonly used in RF circuits, digital logic, and protection circuits. 1N4007: A rectifier diode with high current and voltage ratings, making it ideal for power supplies and rectification in high-voltage applications. 1N5819: A Schottky diode known for its low forward voltage drop and fast recovery time, suitable for high-frequency applications and rectification in low-voltage circuits. 2. Technical Specifications Maximum Reverse Voltage (VR): 1N4148: Typically rated for up to 100V. 1N4007: Rated for up to 1000V. 1N5819: Generally rated for around 40V. Forward Current (IF): 1N4148: Can handle currents up to approximately 200mA. 1N4007: Can handle currents up to 1A. 1N5819: Has a forward current rating of about 3A. Reverse Recovery Time (trr): 1N4148: Offers relatively fast reverse recovery times. 1N4007: Has a longer reverse recovery time compared to the 1N4148. 1N5819: Known for extremely fast reverse recovery, minimizing switching losses. Forward Voltage Drop (VF): 1N4148: Approximately 0.7V at room temperature. 1N4007: Around 1.1V at room temperature. 1N5819: Lower than typical silicon diodes, around 0.3V to 0.4V at room temperature. 3. Application Suitability 1N4148: Ideal for high-frequency switching applications, RF circuits, and protection against overvoltage. 1N4007: Suitable for rectifying AC to DC in power supplies, especially those requiring high current and voltage handling. 1N5819: Best for applications requiring low forward voltage drops, such as in solar cells or as a freewheeling diode in motor control circuits. 4. Conclusion Choosing the correct diode depends on the specific requirements of your circuit. For high-frequency switching applications, the 1N4148 is a good choice. For power supply rectification and high current handling, the 1N4007 is preferred. When low forward voltage drop and fast switching are critical, the 1N5819 is an excellent option. Additional Information: If you have any technical questions or require solutions for (1N4148, 1N4007, 1N5819) or other products, please feel free to visit our official website at www.kingrole.com.cn to leave a message. We are dedicated to addressing all your product-related technical inquiries and providing professional electronic component solutions. We look forward to the opportunity of working with you in the future!

When it comes to selecting the right operational amplifier (op-amp) for different applications, engineers often weigh various models against each other. This article will explore the differences between the JRC4558 and TL072, helping you better understand their individual characteristics and how to choose the best component for your project. 1. Performance Overview JRC4558: A dual operational amplifier known for its performance in audio applications. It features low noise levels, making it ideal for instrument preamplifiers, mixers, and other high-quality sound equipment. TL072: Also a dual operational amplifier, but more commonly used in general applications due to its faster slew rate and lower input bias current, which makes it suitable for applications requiring fast response and low power consumption. 2. Technical Specifications Comparison Gain Bandwidth Product (GBW): The TL072 has a higher gain bandwidth product, meaning it can handle signal amplification at higher frequencies. Power Supply Voltage Range: Both models can operate within a wide range of supply voltages, though the specific values may vary. Input Bias Current (Ib): The TL072 typically has a lower input bias current than the JRC4558, making it more appropriate for applications that require high precision. Noise: The JRC4558 is renowned for its low noise level, which is crucial for audio applications. 3. Application Scenarios JRC4558: Its low noise characteristics and excellent audio performance make it well-suited for audio equipment and music production devices. TL072: Its fast slew rate makes it applicable for high-speed data acquisition systems and other applications requiring rapid signal processing. 4. Conclusion Choosing between the JRC4558 and TL072 depends on your specific requirements. If you're looking for a low-noise op-amp suitable for audio applications, the JRC4558 might be the better choice. Conversely, if you need an op-amp with a fast slew rate and low input bias current, then the TL072 would be more appropriate. Additional Information: If you have any technical questions or require solutions regarding the JRC4558, TL072, or any other products, please feel free to visit our official website at www.kingrole.com.cn to leave a message. Our team is dedicated to addressing all your product-related technical inquiries and providing professional electronic component solutions. We look forward to the opportunity of working with you!

The Murata GRM21BR71C475KA73L is a high-reliability multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) designed for use in a variety of electronic circuits where stability and reliability are paramount. This component belongs to Murata's lineup of surface-mount MLCCs that are known for their robust performance across different operating conditions. Key Features and Applications : Capacity and Tolerance: The GRM21BR71C475KA73L has a capacitance value of 475 pF with a tolerance of ±10%, making it suitable for applications that require precise capacitance values. Voltage Rating: With a rated voltage of 100V, this capacitor is ideal for circuits that operate within this voltage range. Temperature Coefficient: It features a temperature coefficient of X7R (E24), which means its capacitance varies by ±15% over a temperature range of -55°C to +125°C. This makes it suitable for environments where temperature fluctuations are expected. Size and Package: The compact size (0603 metric, 0201 inch) allows for dense PCB layouts, which is essential for miniaturized electronics. Reliability: Known for its high reliability, the GRM21BR71C475KA73L meets rigorous standards for durability and performance, making it a trusted choice in automotive, industrial, and consumer electronics applications. Usage and Benefits Signal Coupling and Decoupling: In power supply circuits, the GRM21BR71C475KA73L can be used for decoupling to reduce voltage ripple and noise, ensuring a clean power supply to sensitive components. Noise Suppression: Its excellent frequency characteristics make it effective in suppressing high-frequency noise, enhancing the overall signal integrity in high-speed digital circuits. Timing Circuits: In timing and oscillation circuits, the precise capacitance and stable performance contribute to accurate timing signals. Energy Storage: For applications requiring energy storage, the GRM21BR71C475KA73L provides reliable charge retention and discharge capabilities. Additional Information : For more detailed technical specifications and application notes, you can refer to the datasheet provided by Murata. If you have any questions regarding the GRM21BR71C475KA73L or other electronic components, feel free to visit our official website at www.kingrole.com.cn and leave a message. Our team will be happy to assist you with any product-related inquiries and offer tailored solutions to meet your specific needs. We look forward to the opportunity to collaborate with you!

The CC1000-RTB1 is a transceiver module based on the CC1000 RF chip, widely used in short-range wireless communication applications. This module features integrated RF front-end and baseband processing capabilities, supporting multiple wireless communication protocols such as IEEE 802.15.4, Zigbee, and WirelessHART. Below is an explanation of each component in the block diagram: LNA (Low Noise Amplifier): The LNA at the receiver end provides gain, reduces the noise figure, and enhances the receiver sensitivity. MIXER: The mixer converts the received RF signal to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal for further processing. IF Stage: This stage filters and amplifies the IF signal, removing unwanted spurious signals. DEMOD (Demodulator): It demodulates the IF signal into digital data, extracting the original information. VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator): Provides a variable frequency local oscillator signal that mixes with the external signal to generate new frequencies. Charge Pump: Adjusts the VCO frequency for phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency control. PD (Photodiode): Used to detect the power level of the VCO output, providing feedback to the PLL for closed-loop control. LPF (Low Pass Filter): Filters out high-frequency components to smooth the output signal. PA (Power Amplifier): At the transmitter end, the PA supplies sufficient power to meet transmission requirements. BIAS (Bias Circuit): Provides the necessary voltage and current to ensure proper operation of all components. OSCs (Oscillators): Generate stable clock signals for data sampling and processing. The CC1000-RTB1 Has The Following Features: Flexible Modulation Schemes: Supports GFSK, MSK, OOK, and FSK among other modulation methods. Low Power Consumption: Utilizes CMOS technology, resulting in low power consumption suitable for battery-powered devices. High Integration: Integrates most RF and baseband functions, simplifying hardware design. Strong Interference Resistance: Possesses certain interference resistance and error correction capabilities, ensuring communication quality. With the CC1000-RTB1, developers can rapidly build wireless communication systems for applications in smart homes, industrial automation, healthcare, and more. Additional Information: If you have any technical questions about the CC1000-RTB1 or other products, or need solutions, please visit our official website at www.kingrole.com.cn to leave a message. We will answer your product-related technical questions and provide you with professional solutions. Looking forward to the opportunity to cooperate with you in the future!

Hello, Bitfoic! The BD140 is a common NPN silicon transistor that is widely used in various electronic circuits such as amplifiers and switching applications. Transistor pin configurations typically follow certain standards, but different manufacturers may use varying packaging methods. For the BD140, it usually has three pins corresponding to the Emitter (E), Base (B), and Collector (C). In A Typical To-92 Package, The Pinout Of The Bd140 Is As Follows: From the bottom view, from left to right: Emitter (E), Base (B), Collector (C). Looking from the top with the marking side facing you, the first pin on the left is the Emitter (E), the middle pin is the Base (B), and the rightmost pin is the Collector (C). However, different manufacturers might have different packaging, so if the pin configuration of the BD140 you encounter seems different from the above description, it's best to consult the specific manufacturer’s datasheet or specifications to confirm the pin functions. Additional Information: If you have any technical questions or require solutions for BD140 transistor or other products, please feel free to visit our official website at www.kingrole.com.cn to leave a message. We are dedicated to addressing all your product-related technical inquiries and providing professional electronic component solutions. We look forward to the opportunity of working with you in the future!

I am having difficulty connecting the ST-LINK/V2 clone to my microcontroller. An error appears in the ST-LINK utility. I have already verified all the connections, including the decoupling capacitor, all the pin connections, power supply connections, and USB drivers, but I am still unable to resolve the error. Here, I have attached my connections with ST-LINK pin numbers. Can anyone please help me solve this error?